Pipe and equipment at refrigerated food processing and distribution facilities are thermally insulated to reduce energy use, control the refrigeration process, and reduce water condensation on the outside surfaces of insulated components. Ammonia is the typical refrigerant, with operating temperatures from a low of about –78°F (–61°C) to a high of about 110°F (43°C). The refrigerated pipe and equipment are typically located on rooftops and in unconditioned equipment rooms at industrial facilities. A major challenge for these insulation systems is water vapor intrusion, over time, into the insulation materials, with subsequent condensation to water or ice. This water vapor intrusion and condensation can significantly reduce the insulation's thermal performance while increasing its weight. Furthermore, severe corrosion of the steel surfaces beneath the insulation, known as corrosion under insulation (CUI), sometimes results, often requiring pipe replacement. In this research project, the author visited over 20 projects to inspect existing systems' thermal insulation, to witness the removal of old insulation systems on existing facilities, and to witness the installation of new insulation systems on both existing and new facilities. He also reviewed industry insulation installation practices and several of the insulation specifications. In all cases, new insulation systems comprised some different materials than those installed many years previously. The author notes that the design, specifications, and installation practices for these new systems better address the reduction in water vapor intrusion into the insulation materials, as well as minimization of CUI. However, he also notes that certain improvements in insulation system design, installation practices, and quality assurance or quality control practices, if consistently followed, could further improve insulation system performance and longevity.