Bearing Steels in the 21st Century

K Tsubota; T Sato; Y Kato; K Hiraoka; R Hayashi

doi:10.1520/STP12129S

SYMPOSIA PAPER Published: 01 January 1998

STP12129S

Bearing Steels in the 21st Century

Source

Oxygen content of bearing steel will be reduced to below 3 ppm in the year 2000 if current trend for the reduction of oxygen in the steel continues. As a result, size of oxide inclusions will become smaller and the fatigue life will be doubled. From the viewpoint of life prediction, cleanliness evaluation methods currently used are not effective. Inclusion Rating Method by Statistics of Extreme is useful for both cleanliness evaluation and fatigue life prediction. Bearings made of suitably heat treated carbon steels or low alloy steels, which possess equivalent fatigue properties to bearing steels, will increase owing to the requirement for lower cost and better formability.

Author Information

Tsubota, K

Sato, T

Kato, Y

Hiraoka, K

Hayashi, R

Shipping & Handling

Domestic Shipping

Domestic orders are delivered via United Parcel Service (UPS) or United States Postal Service (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Post Office Boxes.

Domestic Rush Orders

Please Contact Us.

International Standard Shipping

International orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. Standard Service is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery.

International Expedited Shipping

Please Contact Us.

Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Post Office Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee.

Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below:

Order Total	Shipping & Handling Fee (US Domestic)
Up to $50.00	$18.72
$50.01 to $100.00	$20.80
$100.01 to $150.00	$29.52
$150.01 to $250.00	$39.09
$250.01 to $500.00	$56.25
$500.01 to $750.00	$76.42
$750.01 to $1000.00	$93.15
$1000.01 to $1500.00	$121.27
$1500.01 to $2500.00	$158.38
$2500.01 to $4999.00	$209.04
$5000.00 to higher	FREE

Order Total	Shipping & Handling Fee (International)
Up to $50.00	$68.72
$50.01 to $100.00	$70.80
$100.01 to $150.00	$79.52
$150.01 to $250.00	$89.09
$250.01 to $500.00	$106.25
$500.01 to $750.00	$126.42
$750.01 to $1000.00	$143.15
$1000.01 to $1500.00	$171.27
$1500.01 to $2500.00	$208.38
$2500.01 to $4999.00	$259.04
$5000.00 to higher	FREE

Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections.

Reprints and Permissions

Reprints and copyright permissions can be requested through the
Copyright Clearance Center

Details

Developed by Committee: A01

Pages: 202–215

DOI: 10.1520/STP12129S

ISBN-EB: 978-0-8031-5381-3

ISBN-13: 978-0-8031-2421-9

Bearing Steels in the 21st Century

Author Information

Related

Reprints and Permissions

Details