Improvements in dielectric properties, energy density, and charge–discharge efficiency pave the way for scalable, efficient solutions for modern energy storage systems and applications. The present review offers an outline of the very recent developments of ferroelectric (FE) polymer composite materials specifically for energy storage applications. It is focused on material innovations, structural design, and processing techniques. It also covers the composition of materials, integration techniques, and characteristics of emerging materials. The dielectric breakdown strength, energy storage density, power density, discharge speed, and thermal stability of the developed composite materials are conversed. This review discusses the impact of recent production techniques such as interface engineering and optimization, multilayer and core–shell structures on the characteristics of the FE polymer composite materials. The second part focuses on effective strategies for integrating polymers with FE ceramics to enhance energy storage performance. In the concluding section, the study critically reviews the limitations and challenges associated with these recent developments, while also highlighting future research directions and the scientific advancements required for the effective utilization of FE polymer composites as a high-performance energy storage material.