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MONOGRAPH Published: 08 December 2014
MONO62013003106

Chapter 6 | Cell-Based Approaches for Bone Regeneration

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Bone is a highly complex composite of natural materials that exhibit rich hierarchical cellular components. The process of bone healing encompasses a cascade of controlled events that requires the interplay of many elements, including cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. However, the healing that occurs at the injury site is governed by the fracture gap, where, if large enough (segmental bone defects), it can lead to a non-union. These injuries are caused mainly by trauma, cancer, and congenital defects. Thus, the treatment of segmental bone defects poses a tremendous challenge in the field of orthopedic surgery. Available clinical treatments such as allografts, autografts, and xenografts, alone or in combination with growth factors, are currently used. However, these treatment options are associated with many complications, including disease transmission, donor site morbidity, and immunological rejection. The failure also stems from the lack of appropriate scaffolding material; chemical and physical cues; and, most importantly, lack of an appropriate cell population. Regenerative engineering has emerged as a great alternative to the current treatments and is governed by a fundamental understanding of many aspects of embryonic development. Two major components are required to best mimic the developmental process: an abundant supply of uncommitted progenitor cells (PCs) and extracellular matrix scaffolding appropriate for the regenerated tissue. Other components include the use of growth factors that control and promote bone formation/regeneration. Over the past few decades, tissue engineering has developed various natural and synthetic graft materials that potentially can be used in the clinical setting. Although bone marrow aspirate (BMA) is commonly used in the clinic, the use of patient-derived osteogenic cells for bone tissue engineering is not clinically practiced. This chapter is dedicated to examining the major osteoblastic PC sources and their potential use for the repair and regeneration of bone defects.

Author Information

Mikael, Paiyz, E.
Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, US Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, US
Nukavarapu, Syam, P.
Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, US Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, US Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, US Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, US
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Developed by Committee: F04
Pages: 97–116
DOI: 10.1520/MONO62013003106
ISBN-EB: 978-0-8031-7061-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-8031-7060-5