Ultra-thin overlay is an effective measure in preventive maintenance to improve skid resistance. However, there are fewer studies on the pavement performance of epoxy asphalt ultra-thin overlays. The curing conditions and low-temperature performance of epoxy asphalt and mastic were investigated through viscosity, tensile, and bending beam rheology tests. According to the functional performance, computerized tomography scanning, low-temperature crack resistance, skid and fatigue durability tests were selected to evaluate pavement performance of mixtures. On this basis, Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)-5 gradation is compared under the same conditions. Results show that the allowable time is longer at 120°C and curing condition is 60°C for three days. The filler-to-asphalt ratio should be controlled at 0.8–1.2. For ultra-thin specimens, the design gradation is enriched with voids on the surface of 2 mm and 1 mm at the bottom. The pendulum value and texture depth before and after abrasion are much higher than SMA-5, which provides superior skid resistance. Although the low-temperature crack resistance is lower, the difference is smaller and still meets requirements. In addition, the fatigue durability is also better than the control group. This will provide methods to popularize the design and application of epoxy asphalt ultra-thin overlays.